Clogging of unsaturated gravel permeated with landfill leachate
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The results of an experimental investigation into the clogging of unsaturated, uniformly graded 50 mm gravel permeated with municipal solid waste landfill leachate are reported. The flow of leachate within the unsaturated gravel was heterogeneous and occurred in free-draining flow pathways. The leachate experienced reductions in the concentrations of both the organic and inorganic constituents after passing through the unsaturated gravel although there was very little clogging within the unsaturated gravel. The average drainable porosity was reduced by 8% after 8 years permeation. The biofilm was limited to areas on the gravel where leachate could be retained; predominantly on top of lateral gravel surfaces and near particle-to-particle contacts. As a result, only a small fraction of the total surface area of the unsaturated gravel was covered with biofilm. The short leachate retention time and the sporadic distribution of biofilm limited the degree of contact between the bacteria and the leachate and hence limited biologically induced clogging within the unsaturated gravel. The data suggest that leachate collection systems should be designed and operated such that the drainage material of the leachate collection system remains unsaturated for as long as possible.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".