Short polyglutamine tracts in the androgen receptor are protective against breast cancer in the general population.
Bibliographic record
Abstract
We studied the association of breast cancer with the polymorphic polyglutamine repeat of the androgen receptor (AR) in 255 incident cases of breast cancer and 461 matched controls from the Quebec City metropolitan area. Women for whom the sum of both of the AR (CAG)n-repeats alleles is 39 or less (short-allele AR genotypes) have one-half the risk of breast cancer compared with women for whom the sum of AR (CAG)n-repeats is 40 or more [odds ratio (OR), 0.5; 95% confidence interval (CI), 0.3-0.83; P = 0.007]. This association is stronger in postmenopausal women (180 cases, 297 controls; OR, 0.36; 95% CI, 0.19-0.7; P = 0.003). We also observed an interaction between the type of menopause (natural versus surgical) and the AR genotype on breast cancer risk. Alternately, when subjects were grouped according to their (CAG)n-repeat genotype [homozygous for short alleles (CAG)n < or = 20; other genotypes ("long allele")], results were similar (OR. 0.5; 95% CI, 0.27-0.82; P = 0.007). Thus, women with short-alleles AR genotypes appear to be protected against breast cancer. Short-alleles AR genotypes were observed in 16% of the general population as represented by the control group. Short polyglutamine repeats in the AR protein have been reported to be associated with an increase in the capacity of the receptor to activate transcription of reporter genes in vitro. Furthermore, androgens have been previously shown to inhibit in vitro the growth of breast cancer cell lines. This suggests that differences in the number of polyglutamines in the AR protein may influence individual risk of breast cancer, especially in postmenopausal women, and that this apparent protection could be the consequence of an increased response/sensitivity to androgens.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".