Search for Effects Beyond the Born Approximation in Polarization Transfer Observables in<mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><mml:mover accent="true"><mml:mi>e</mml:mi><mml:mo>→</mml:mo></mml:mover><mml:mi>p</mml:mi></mml:math>Elastic Scattering
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Bibliographic record
Abstract
Intensive theoretical and experimental efforts over the past decade have aimed at explaining the discrepancy between data for the proton electric to magnetic form factor ratio, ${G}_{E}/{G}_{M}$, obtained separately from cross section and polarization transfer measurements. One possible explanation for this difference is a two-photon-exchange contribution. In an effort to search for effects beyond the one-photon-exchange or Born approximation, we report measurements of polarization transfer observables in the elastic $H(\stackrel{\ensuremath{\rightarrow}}{e},{e}^{\ensuremath{'}}\stackrel{\ensuremath{\rightarrow}}{p})$ reaction for three different beam energies at a ${Q}^{2}=2.5\text{ }\text{ }{\mathrm{GeV}}^{2}$, spanning a wide range of the kinematic parameter $ϵ$. The ratio $R$, which equals ${\ensuremath{\mu}}_{p}{G}_{E}/{G}_{M}$ in the Born approximation, is found to be independent of $ϵ$ at the 1.5% level. The $ϵ$ dependence of the longitudinal polarization transfer component ${P}_{\ensuremath{\ell}}$ shows an enhancement of $(2.3\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.6)%$ relative to the Born approximation at large $ϵ$.
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it