Experimental Study on Thermal Efficiency of Flat Plate Solar Collector Using TiO2/Water Nanofluid
Bibliographic record
Abstract
In this study, a small flat plate solar collector (FPSC) was fabricated and tested for studying the effects of different nano particle concentrations of in water as base fluid. Three flow rates (i.e. 36, 72 and 108 lit/m2.hr) and four particles concentration ratios (i.e. 0, 0.1, 0.2 and 0.3 % wt) were investigated. Experimental testing method was selected based on EUROPEAN STANDARD EN 12975-2 as a quasi-dynamic test method (QDT). Adding nano particles to water brought about an improvement of initial efficiency of FPSC between 3.5 and 10.5% and the index of collector total efficiency between 2.6 and 7% relative to base fluid. Also the results indicate that the initial efficiency () for 36, 72 and 108 lit/m2.hr flow rates of water as base fluid were 0.4712, 0.4998 and 0.5457, respectively which reveals the increase of 6.1 and 15.8% of it in the two latter cases in comparison with the first case, 36 lit/m2.hr flow rate. In addition, the index of collector total efficiency of 72 and 108 lit/m2.hr mass flow rates has increased by 6.7 and 15.7%, respectively in comparison with 36 lit/ m2.hr mass flow rate.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".