Effect of introduced <i>Euphorbia esula</i> on the pollination of <i>Viola pedatifida</i>
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Introduced plants may compete for pollination with native plants, resulting in reduced fruit or seed set. In this study, I use several techniques to assess whether the invasive plant Euphorbia esula L. (leafy spurge, Euphorbiaceae) reduces the pollination success of chasmogamous flowers of the native plant Viola pedatifida G. Don (prairie violet, Violaceae), which has chasmogamous and cleistogamous flowers. Euphorbia pollen was found on most Viola stigmas, suggesting the potential for competition. Additionally, application of Euphorbia pollen to Viola stigmas prior to conspecific pollen reduced seed set. However, natural receipt of Euphorbia and other heterospecific pollen was not associated with decreased fruit or seed set. In the field, fruit set was higher for Viola in sites with Euphorbia despite increased Euphorbia pollen receipt, and seed set did not vary with the presence of Euphorbia. However, there was no significant interaction between the presence of Euphorbia and flower type (cleistogamous or chasmogamous), suggesting that increased fruit set near Euphorbia is unrelated to pollination. This study suggests that Viola and Euphorbia interact through shared pollinators, but there is no evidence that competition for pollination with Euphorbia reduces Viola’s fecundity or results in increased reliance on cleistogamous flowers.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".