Why tense, unstable, and diverse relations are inherent in co-designing with suppliers: an aerospace case study
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Co-design by a firm and its suppliers has become a widely accepted means of developing new products, especially technologically-complex products. Much existing research emphasizes stable and trusting relationships as a “one-best way” for governing these co-design relations. This article questions this view. The article argues that co-design relations are likely to be diverse, unstable, and conflictual due to the inherent nature of the co-design activity. The inherent diversity of co-design relations is explained by the need to organize for distinct coordination needs. Three coordination processes, each directed toward a different coordination need, are derived from the study of a single aerospace co-design project. Interactions between these processes are shown to systematically produce conflict and instability in co-design relations. The main implication of the study is that co-design performance depends on a firm and its suppliers dealing explicitly with these interactions but that there is no “one-best way” of doing so.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.010 | 0.015 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.015 | 0.012 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.005 | 0.006 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.004 |
| Research integrity | 0.003 | 0.003 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.005 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".