Bibliographic record
Abstract
Earthwork volumes represent the basis on which contractors are paid for highway construction. The earthwork volumes between successive roadway stations are also used in determining the economic distribution of earthwork. It is essential that the volumes should be accurately computed because disagreements related to earthwork volumes often cause the owner and the contractor to look to the courts for settlement. The traditional model for estimating earthwork volumes of curved roadways (flat horizontal curves) is suitable only for level terrains. For moderately fluctuating terrains, a mathematical model has been developed. This model, however, assumes that the longitudinal ground profile between successive stations is linear and the ground cross slope is constant. The mathematical model is not accurate for greatly fluctuating profiles, such as those in hilly and mountainous terrains. This paper develops a model for estimating earthwork volumes for such profiles using Monte Carlo simulation. The paper illustrates how a completely deterministic problem can be solved using a probabilistic simulation. The results show that the simulation model improves the estimates of earthwork volumes compared to traditional and mathematical models.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.005 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Open science | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".