BIMETRIC GRAVITY THEORY, VARYING SPEED OF LIGHT AND THE DIMMING OF SUPERNOVAE
Bibliographic record
Abstract
In the bimetric scalar–tensor gravitational theory there are two frames associated with the two metrics ĝμν and gμν, which are linked by the gradients of a scalar field ϕ. The choice of a comoving frame for the metric ĝμν or gμν has fundamental physical consequences for local observers in either metric spacetimes, while maintaining diffeomorphism invariance. If the metric gμν is chosen to be associated with comoving coordinates, then the speed of light varies in the frame with the metric ĝμν. Observers in this frame see the dimming of supernovae because of the increase of luminosity distance versus red shift, due to an increasing speed of light in the past universe. Moreover, in this frame the scalar field ϕ describes a dark energy component in the Friedmann equation for the cosmic scale without acceleration. If we choose ĝμν to be associated with comoving coordinates, then an observer in the gμν metric frame will observe the universe to be accelerating and the supernovae will appear to be farther away. The theory predicts that the gravitational constant G can vary in spacetime, while the fine-structure constant α = e2/ℏc does not vary. The problem of cosmological horizons as viewed in the two frames is discussed.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.003 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".