A 250 kW four quadrant switch mode converter for the 1.4 GeV PS-booster beam transfer lines at CERN
Bibliographic record
Abstract
This paper describes a four quadrant, 250 kW (550 V, 450 A) switch-mode, zero current soft switching (ZCS) power converter for a 1.4 GeV beam transfer line magnet. The ZCS technique is the preferred approach for the high power switch-mode converters employing insulated gate bipolar transistors (IGBT) to reduce switching losses and EMI. This switch-mode power converter topology has been selected because of the high dynamic response, low output ripple, and low input current harmonics. In this paper, the circuit topology, function of the system components, key system specifications and experimental results for a 250 kW switch-mode converter are described in detail. The experimental results include output current transient response and conducted electromagnetic interference (EMI, measurements at both AC input and DC output). The design and development process employed is based on virtual electrical simulation of the system. This technique has been essential for the successful development of this unit.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.007 | 0.002 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".