A broadband automatic gain control amplifier for the Square Kilometer Array
Bibliographic record
Abstract
In this paper, a low-power broadband automatic-gain-control (AGC) amplifier targeted for use in the Square Kilometer Array (SKA) is presented. The AGC is composed of an input power-match circuit, a linear-in-dB output variable gain amplifier (VGA), a power detector (PD), an error amplifier, a comparator and a loop filter. The input stage is power matched to 100 Ω differential source impedance, achieves an input reflection coefficient of less than -15.6 dB and maximum noise figure of 2.6 dB from 0.5 GHz to 2.0 GHz. The VGA has a variable gain range of 29 dB and -3 dB bandwidth of 4 GHz. The square-law relationship between output current and gate-source voltage characteristics of a MOS transistor working in the strong inversion region is used for power detection. The -3 dB bandwidth of the AGC amplifier is 2.65 GHz with and 3.6 GHz without the power-match circuit. The input operating range of the AGC is from -50 dBm to -20 dBm. The design is based on a commercial 65 nm CMOS technology with a 1 V power supply. The total power consumption of the AGC is 6 mW of which 4.5 mW is consumed by the input-match circuit which is not needed when the AGC is integrated in the SKA receiver.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".