Serotonin and Its Antidepressant-Sensitive Transport in Mouse Cumulus-Oocyte Complexes and Early Embryos1
Why this work is in the frame
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Bibliographic record
Abstract
Serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine [5-HT]), is a neurohormone found in various nonneural tissues, including the gonads of many invertebrates, in which it regulates spawning and oocyte meiotic maturation. The possibility that a local serotonergic network might also exist in the female gonads of vertebrate species, including mammals, remains poorly documented. To clarify this possibility, we investigated mouse cumulus cells, oocytes, and embryos for three key serotonergic components, namely, 5-HT itself; the rate-limiting enzyme for its production, tryptophan hydroxylase 1 (TPH1); and the 5-HT-specific transporter (SLC6A4) required for modulating its cellular effects. Using a combination of reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction analysis and immunofluorescence confocal microscopy, we showed that mouse cumulus cells, oocytes, and embryos contain 5-HT and SLC6A4, while only cumulus cells possess the 5-HT-producing enzyme TPH1 and may thus be the local source of 5-HT observed in their neighboring cells. With a semiquantitative assay in single cells, we demonstrated that 5-HT can actively be taken up by isolated oocytes when it is supplied exogenously in vitro. This 5-HT transport in isolated oocytes is driven by a classical serotonin transporter, expressed up to the blastocyst stage, that is sensitive to the antidepressants fluoxetine and fluvoxamine, which belong to the selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor family. All together, our results show that 5-HT may be produced locally by cumulus cells and that it can be actively taken up by mammalian oocytes and embryos as part of a likely larger serotonergic network possibly regulating various developmental processes much earlier than previously thought.
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it