High Energy Cosmic Rays from Local GRBs
Bibliographic record
Abstract
We have developed a model that explains cosmic rays with energies E between ∼ 0.1 - 1 PeV and the energy of the second knee at E 2 ∼ 3 × 10 17 eV as originating from a recent Galactic gamma-ray burst (GRB) that occurred ∼ 1 Myr ago within 1 kpc from Earth. Relativistic shocks from GRBs are assumed to inject power-law distributions of cosmic ray (CR) protons and ions to the highest (≳10 20 eV) energies. Diffusive propagation of CRs from a recent (∼ 1 Myr old) GRB explains the CR spectrum near and above the first knee at E 1 ∼ 3 × 10 15 eV. The first and second knees are explained as being directly connected with the injection of plasma turbulence in the interstellar medium on ∼ 1pc and ∼ 100 pc scales, respectively. Transition to CRs from extragalactic GRBs occurs at E ≳ E 2 . The origin of the ankle in the CR spectrum at E ank ≃ 4 × 10 18 eV is due to photopair energy losses of UHECRs on cosmological timescales, as also suggested by Berezinsky and collaborators. The rate density of extragalactic GRBs is assumed to be proportional to the cosmological starburst activity in the universe. Any significant excess flux of extremely high energy CRs deviating from the exponential cutoff behavior at E > EGZK ≃ 6 × 10 19 eV would imply a significant contribution due to recent GRB activity on timescales t ≲ 10 8 yrs from local extragalactic sources within ∼ 10 Mpc.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.008 | 0.002 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".