Mitochondrial DNA variation among Eastern North Pacific gray whales (<i>Eschrichtius robustus</i>) on winter breeding grounds in Baja California
Bibliographic record
Abstract
In this study, we used genetic data to investigate the role of female-directed philopatry in winter habitat use patterns among female eastern North Pacific gray whales (Eschrichtius robustus) in calving years. Analysis of 306 base pairs of the mitochondrial DNA control region for 83 animals sampled from two geographically discrete winter breeding and calving lagoons revealed 28 haplotypes (nucleotide diversity (π) = 0.02, haplotype diversity (h) = 0.95). Significant differences in haplotype (FST) and nucleotide (ΦST) frequencies were detected between Laguna San Ignacio cows (n = 42) and a random sample of non-lagoon females (n = 25; FST= 0.064, p < 0.01; ΦST= 0.041, p = 0.043) and between cows and single females (n = 11; FST= 0.027, p = 0.044; ΦST= 0.088, p = 0.034) in Laguna San Ignacio. Significant differences in haplotype, but not nucleotide, frequencies were also detected between cows in Laguna Ojo de Liebre (Scammon's Lagoon) and non-lagoon females (n = 10; FST= 0.074, p < 0.01) and between single females (n = 11) or adult males (n = 13) in Laguna San Ignacio and their non-lagoon counterparts (nfemales= 25, FST= 0.07, p < 0.01; nmales= 28, FST= 0.08, p < 0.01). These data suggest that all animals exhibit some level of site fidelity to their natal lagoons as adults, and that the eastern North Pacific gray whale population may be substructured on the population's wintering grounds.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".