Active Normal Faulting Beneath a Salt Layer: An Experimental Study of Deformation Patterns in the Cover Sequence
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract Scaled experimental models show that the presence of a viscous layer, such as salt, facilitates the development of extensional forced folds above active normal faults. The geometries of the extensional forced folds and their associated secondary fault patterns depend on the thickness and viscosity of the viscous layer, the thickness of the cover sequence, the strength and ductility of the cover sequence, and the magnitude and rate of displacement on the underlying master normal fault. Increasing the thickness of the viscous layer and the cohesive strength and ductility of the overburden enhances the decoupling between the deep and shallow deformation. Alternatively, increasing the viscosity of the viscous layer, the thickness of the overburden, and the magnitude and rate of displacement on the master normal fault reduces the decoupling between the deep and shallow deformation. Enhanced decoupling facilitates the formation of broad extensional forced folds and the development of detached secondary faults both near and far from the master normal faults. The model-predicted deformation patterns closely resemble those observed in the Gulf of Suez, the Haltenbanken area of offshore Norway, and the Jeanne d'Arc Basin of the Grand Banks, offshore southeastern Canada.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".