"Stand by the Union, Mr. Arch": The Toronto Labour Establishment and the Emigration Mission of Britain's National Agricultural Labourers' Union
Bibliographic record
Abstract
In the fall of 1873 Joseph Arch, the President of the England’s National Agricultural Labourers’ Union (NALU), embarked on a mission to scout Canada as an emigration destination. He was received with much hospitality in Canada. Large-scale migration of British farm-workers had the support of an extraordinary consensus between the NALU, Canadian political and business elites, and the Toronto labour leaders who wielded enormous influence over the labour movement in Ontario. The consensus was the result of developments in British agricultural unionism, Ontario’s farming sector, Canada’s immigration policy, and the Toronto labour establishment’s approach to immigration. However, during the mission, tensions emerged between Arch and the Toronto labour establishment that strained the appearance of international union solidarity. These tensions revealed the treacherous nature of a relationship between labour leaders in an immigrant-receiving country, and an organization, even a union, looking to promote emigration. Resume En automne 1873, Joseph Arch, president du Syndicat national des travailleurs agricoles d’Angleterre, s’est embarque dans une mission visant a decouvrir le Canada comme destination d’emigration. Il a ete recu avec beaucoup d’hospitalite au Canada. La migration de grande envergure des travailleurs agricoles britanniques avait l’appui d’un consensus extraordinaire entre le syndicat anglais, les elites politiques et commerciales canadiennes et les chefs syndicalistes torontois qui avaient exerce d’enorme influence sur le mouvement syndical en Ontario. Le consensus etait le resultat des developpements du syndicalisme agricole britannique, du secteur agricole de l’Ontario, de la politique d’immigration canadienne et de l’approche a l’immigration des syndicats torontois. Toutefois, durant la mission, des tensions se sont declarees entre Arch et les syndicats torontois, ce qui a mis a l’epreuve l’apparence de la solidarite syndicale internationale. Ces tensions ont revele la nature perfide d’une relation entre les chefs syndicalistes dans un pays qui recevait les immigrants et un organisme, meme un syndicat, qui cherchait a promouvoir l’emigration.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.002 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".