A Profound Role for the Expansion of Trypsin-Like Serine Protease Family in the Evolution of Hematophagy in Mosquito
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The trypsin-like serine protease (Tryp_SPc) family is ubiquitous in animals and plays diverse roles, especially in the digestive system, in different phyla. In the mosquito, some Tryp_SPc proteases make important contributions to the digestion of the blood meal. Here, we have defined the complete Tryp_SPc gene repertoire in the genome of the malaria mosquito, a repertoire that has expanded remarkably compared with that of Drosophila. Phylogenetic analysis also indicates that the large-scale lineage-specific expansion occurred leading to mosquitoes. Expression of Tryp_SPc genes elevates after a blood meal, and the expression level of genes that belong to subfamilies that specifically expanded on the mosquito lineage increased significantly more than genes that belong to subfamilies that did not expand in number, suggesting a profound role for the Tryp_SPc genes, especially the expanded subfamilies, in the hematophagous trait of the mosquito. The mosquito Tryp_SPc genes are mostly distributed in a tandem manner on chromosomes, suggesting a role for tandem duplication in the expansion of the subfamilies. Furthermore, evidence for positive selection was found for some genes. Structural modeling indicates that the positively selected sites locate to the surface that is conjugated by protein inhibitors. Our results suggest that the expansion and diversification of the Tryp_SPc domain family in mosquito was driven by positive selection and helps to explain the adaptive hematophagy of the mosquito.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".