Hyperhomocysteinaemia: A Critical Review of Old and New Aspects
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Hyperhomocysteinemia (HHCY) is a risk factor for cardiovascular (CVD) and neurodegenerative diseases, osteoporotic fractures and pregnancy complications. HHCY is common and is mostly related to B-vitamin deficiency. Retrospective and prospective studies emphasise the causal relationship between HHCY and CVD risk. Some reported vitamin intervention trials, however, did not demonstrate lower risk of CVD after treatment. Confounding factors on the one hand and low subject numbers on the other hand reduced the statistical power of the results. Re-analysis of the VISP study (after excluding renal failure and vitamin B12 status tampering factors), detected a 21% decrease in the risk of stroke. This number has been confirmed by results from the HOPE 2 vitamin intervention trial. A significant decline of stroke-mortality (8 to 16%) has been observed in the USA and Canada after fortification of grain products with folate. Despite negative results from secondary prevention trials regarding the CVD risk reduction there is convincing evidence about the effectiveness of B-vitamin supplementation in lowering the risk of stroke (approximately 20%). Additionally, HHCY was recently linked to the occurrence and severity of chronic heart insufficiency. HHCY is also a risk factor for osteoporotic fractures and vitamin treatment can lower the fracture risk. HHCY predicts the decline in cognitive function with age. Hypomethylation is among the central mechanisms through which HHCY may damage the brain. HHCY and low folate are causal factors for pregnancy complications. In addition to the recommended folate supplementation, vitamin B12 supplementation may also decrease pregnancy complications.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.005 | 0.013 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.004 | 0.002 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.007 | 0.006 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.003 | 0.004 |
| Open science | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.003 | 0.004 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.005 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".