Phenoxy herbicides in Alberta rainfall: Potential effects on sensitive crops
Bibliographic record
Abstract
During 1999–2000, we detected phenoxy herbicides in Alberta rainfall at levels as high as 17 to 53 μg L-1, or 60 to 149 μg m-2. In this study, we conducted indoor bioassays to determine whether injury to sensitive crops could occur from such herbicides in Alberta rainfall. Spray conditions were chosen that maximized exposure of greenhouse-grown plants to simulated rain containing a mixture of 2,4-D, bromoxynil, MCPA and dicamba at 2.25 g ha-1 total rate. Bean and tomato plants showed permanent sub-lethal effects (P < 0.05), sunflowers showed enhanced effects (P < 0.05), while sugar beets showed only transient injury (P < 0.10). There were no effects (P > 0.05) on potatoes. Although caution is required when extrapolating from indoor bioassays, we conclude that injury to beans and tomatoes is possible in the field. Field experiments should be conducted to establish the likelihood of such injury. Key words: Phenoxy herbicides, atmospheric deposition, sub-lethal effects, non-target crops
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".