Effect of Food Availability on Arrival and Departure Decisions of Harlequin Ducks at Diurnal Feeding Grounds
Bibliographic record
Abstract
We investigated three types of decisions made by Harlequin Ducks (Histrionicus histrionicus) in moving between nearshore feeding and offshore resting areas: when to move, whether to move synchronously, and whether to form dense flocks on the roosting grounds. We used the spawning of Pacific herring (Clupea pallasi) as a natural food-supplementation experiment. Birds arrived at nearshore feeding areas a few minutes later and departed almost an hour earlier relative to sunrise and sunset when spawn was available than before and after. Cloud cover and high winds resulted in earlier departures, especially during spawning. Arriving, departing, and offshore groups consisted most frequently of two ducks, and birds showed little tendency to synchronize movements or to form dense flocks when resting. Results indicate that Harlequin Ducks avoid crepuscular and nocturnal periods near shore when not constrained by food availability and the length of daylight in which to feed. Efecto de la Disponibilidad de Alimento en las Decisiones de Arribo y Partida de Histrionicus histrionicus en Áreas de Alimentación Diurna Resumen. Investigamos tres tipos de decisiones hechas por Histrionicus histrionicus (Pato Arlequín) al moverse entre áreas de alimentación cercanas a la costa y áreas de reposo mar adentro: cuándo moverse, si se mueven de modo sincrónico, y si forman bandadas densas en las áreas de reposo. Utilizamos el desove del arenque del Pacífico (Clupea pallasi) como un experimento de suplemento de alimento natural. En relación al amanecer y anochecer, las aves llegaron a las áreas de alimentación cercanas a la costa unos minutos después y se fueron casi una hora más temprano cuando los huevos de peces estuvieron disponibles que cuando no lo estuvieron, ya sea antes o después. Cobertura de nubes y fuertes vientos trajeron aparejadas partidas más tempranas, especialmente durante la etapa de desove. Los grupos que llegaban, partían y los que se encontraban mar adentro estuvieron en su mayoría conformados por dos patos, y las aves en general no tendieron a sincronizar sus movimientos o a formar grupos densos durante el reposo. Los resultados indican que H. histrionicus evita permanecer cerca de la costa durante períodos crepusculares y nocturnos cuando no se haya limitado por la disponibilidad de alimentos y por la cantidad de horas de luz para alimentarse.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".