Systemic chemokine and chemokine receptor responses are divergent in allergic versus non-allergic humans
Bibliographic record
Abstract
T(h)1- and T(h)2-polarized human T cell clones display distinct patterns of chemokine receptor expression and selective chemokine responsiveness in vitro. We hypothesized that natural exposure to environmental grass pollen would induce differential systemic chemokine and chemokine receptor expression patterns in individuals with allergic rhinitis compared to healthy controls with type 2- and type 1-dominated responses to allergen respectively. To this end, we compared chemokine receptor expression on peripheral blood T cells directly ex vivo and plasma chemokine levels between these two groups of study participants prior to and during the grass pollen season. T(h)1-associated CXC chemokine receptor (CXCR) 3 was strongly expressed on >50% CD4(+)/CD45RO(+) cells of all subjects. When examined longitudinally, CXCR3 expression increased over the grass pollen season (P < 0.0001), solely in non-allergic subjects. In contrast, for both allergic and non-allergic subjects, CC chemokine receptor (CCR) 5 (T(h)1-associated) and CCR3 (T(h)2-associated) were weakly expressed on <10% of CD4(+)/CD45RO(+) cells both prior to and during the grass pollen season. Type 1 chemokines CXC chemokine ligand (CXCL) 9 and CXCL10 (monokine induced by IFN-gamma and IFN-gamma-inducible protein of 10 kDa: CXCR3 ligands), and type 2 chemokines CC chemokine ligand (CCL) 11 (eotaxin: CCR3 ligand), CCL17 (thymus and activation-regulated chemokine: CCR4 ligand) and CCL22 (monocyte-derived chemokine: CCR4 ligand) were readily detectable in the plasma of most participants. Systemic CXCL9 levels decreased from pre- to grass pollen season in allergics (P < 0.05), whereas CCL17 decreased in non-allergics (P < 0.05) over the same period. Taken together, these longitudinal data suggest a systemic shift to more intensely type 1-dominated responses in non-allergic individuals and, conversely, to more type 2-dominated responses in allergic individuals upon natural re-exposure to grass pollen.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.004 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".