Satellite Tracking of Bald Eagles in the Upper Midwest
Bibliographic record
Abstract
We investigated the movement ecology of Bald Eagles (Haliaeetus leucocephalus) that winter along the Upper Mississippi River Valley. During late autumn and winter from March 1999 through February 2006, we outfitted with satellite transmitters 14 wild-caught Bald Eagles (12 adults, 2 subadults) on a winter range or migration stopover point in southwestern Wisconsin. These birds wintered as far south as the Mississippi and Illinois rivers, northwest of St. Louis, Missouri. Summer ranges extended out from the Upper Mississippi River Valley migration corridor as far north as Arviat, Nunavut, Canada, on the western shore of Hudson Bay. Migration route fidelity was apparent, with two notable exceptions. Fidelity to summer and winter ranges also was apparent, but variable. Some eagles remained on a small range the entire season; others traveled extensively, often to the same areas in successive years. Spring migration mean start and end dates for adults were 24 February ± 23 (SD) d and 27 April ± 40 d, respectively. Eagles took from 6–151 d to reach their summer ranges (mean: 67 ± 48 d). Mean start and end dates for autumn migration were 21 October ± 28 d and 11 December ± 16 d, respectively; travel duration ranged from 15–77 d (mean: 51 ± 20 d). Individual mean straight-line distances between core winter and summer ranges ranged from 611–2222 km (mean: 1655 ± 526 km). Our study provided new information on Bald Eagle movement ecology in a vast region where such knowledge was previously lacking. Compared to other tracking studies of Bald Eagles, our study documented greater variation in migration timing and duration, but similar range and route fidelity and distances traveled.Investigamos la ecología de movimiento de individuos de Haliaeetus leucocephalus que invernan a lo largo del Valle Superior del Río Mississippi. Durante el otoño tardío y el invierno de marzo de 1999 hasta febrero de 2006, equipamos con transmisores satelitales a 14 individuos silvestres de H. leucocephalus atrapados (12 adultos, 2 subadultos) en un área de invernada o en puntos de parada de migración en el sudoeste de Wisconsin. Estas aves invernaron hacia el sur hasta los ríos Mississippi e Illinois, al noroeste de St. Louis, Missouri. La distribución durante el verano se extendió desde el corredor migratorio del Valle Superior del Río Mississippi hacia el norte hasta Arviat, Nunavut, Canadá, en la costa oeste de la Bahía de Hudson. La fidelidad a la ruta de migración fue evidente, con dos excepciones notables. La fidelidad a las distribuciones de verano e invierno también fue evidente, pero variable. Algunas águilas permanecieron en un área pequeña durante toda la estación; otras viajaron considerablemente, a menudo a las mismas áreas en años consecutivos. Las fechas medias de comienzo y finalización de la migración de primavera fueron 24 de febrero ± 23 (DE) días y 27 de abril ± 40 días, respectivamente. A las águilas les tomó 6–151 días llegar a sus áreas de verano (media: 67 ± 48 días). Las fechas medias para el comienzo y finalización de la migración de otoño fueron 21 de octubre ± 28 días y 11 de diciembre ± 16 días, respectivamente. La duración del viaje varió entre 15–77 días (media: 51 ± 20 días). Las distancias medias en línea recta individuales entre las áreas núcleo de invierno y verano oscilaron entre 611–2222 km (media: 1655 ± 526 km). Nuestro estudio brindó nueva información acerca de la ecología de movimiento de H. leucocephalus en una vasta región para la que faltaba este conocimiento. Comparado con otros estudios de rastreo de H. leucochephalus, el nuestro documentó una mayor variación en el tiempo y duración de la migración, pero una similitud con respecto a áreas, fidelidad de rutas y distancias recorridas.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.005 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".