A Digital Phase-Locked Loop With Calibrated Coarse and Stochastic Fine TDC
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Bibliographic record
Abstract
A coarse-fine time-to-digital converter (TDC) is presented with a calibrated coarse stage followed by a stochastic fine stage. On power-up, a calibration algorithm based on a code density test is used to minimize nonlinearities in the coarse TDC. By using a balanced mean method, the number of registers required for the calibration algorithm is reduced by 30%. Based upon the coarse TDC output, the appropriate clock signals are multiplexed into the stochastic fine TDC. The TDC is incorporated into a 1.99-2.5-GHz digital phase-locked loop (DPLL) in 0.13-μm CMOS. The DPLL consumes a total of 15.2 mW of which 4.4 mW are consumed in the TDC. Measurements show an in-band phase noise of -107 dBc/Hz which is equivalent to 4-ps TDC resolution, approximately an order of magnitude better than an inverter delay in this process technology. The integrated random jitter is 213 fs rms for a 2-GHz output carrier frequency with 700-kHz loop bandwidth. The calibration reduces worst-case spurs by 16 dB.
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it