A mid-Miocene ichthyofauna from the Wood Mountain Formation, Saskatchewan, Canada
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The southern Saskatchewan mid-Miocene Wood Mountain Formation has been the basis of studies describing its mammalian and herpetofaunas; here we present the description of the fish material from the formation. The fauna, of probable Barstovian age, would have been isolated from the western side of the continent, in an area draining towards the northeast. Sixteen taxa are recognized to specific orders or lower taxonomic levels, although this number is approximate because some identifications are tentative. The fauna includes a lepisosteid (Lepisosteus), an amiine, a probable hiodontiform osteoglossomorph, a hiodontid (Hiodon), at least two unidentified cypriniforms and a leuciscine, three ictalurids (Ameiurus, Ictalurus, and cf. Noturus), an esocid Esox sp. more closely related to pikes than to pikerels, a possible moronid perciform, a centrarchid (cf. Pomoxis), two percids (including Stizostedion sp.), and an unidentified teleost. This fauna includes the earliest North American percids, the last occurrence of lepisosteid and amiine fossils in Canada west of the Great Lakes, and may constitute the earliest evidence of North American moronids. The assemblage is typical of well-oxygenated, lowland fluvial environments, and indicates a wide variety of substrates and flow strengths, as well as the presence of aquatic vegetation in the vicinity. Additionally, the fauna implies the nearby presence of turbid and deeper environments, suggesting that the area was an environmentally varied floodplain during deposition. The paleoenvironmental implications of this ichthyofauna are compatible with those of the herpetofauna: warm temperate to subtropical, with temperatures similar to those of northern Mississippi or southern Tennessee.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.003 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.006 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".