Bibliographic record
Abstract
WHEN I WAS A CHILD, the chant I always associated with Islamism, one still in use among the Taliban, 3 was "the Qur'an is our constitution."Gradually it has been replaced, however, with the mantra of the Muslim Brotherhood in Egypt, "Islam is the solution."'These simplistic tropes seem similar, but the difference between them is significant.In many ways, this distinction lies at the heart of the considerable contribution that Ran Hirschl has made in his fine work, Constitutional Theocracy, to the understanding of constitutional governance in societies where there is a substantial legal and formal recognition of religion.However, this distinction also reveals the biggest problem in his analysis.Simply stated, one of these slogans ("the Qur'an is our constitution") is logically incompatible not only with modern constitutional governance but also with the very notion of the Westphalian nation-state, while the other ("Islam is the solution") is not.To many people raised in a secular tradition, constitutional governance is necessarily secular.It is precisely this belief, often so thoroughly internalized that it is not questioned, that Hirschl convincingly critiques.Developing ideas that he introduced in much of his earlier work, Hirschl compellingly argues that a new form of government, known as constitutional theocracy, has arrived on the global scene.He then defines some of its more salient features.'Aptly criticizing comparative constitutional scholars who are focused exclusively on Western societies' 1.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.005 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.003 | 0.006 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.003 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.005 | 0.004 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.003 | 0.005 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.033 | 0.017 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".