Contesting Property Development in Coastal New Zealand: A Case Study of Ocean Beach, Hawke's Bay
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract This article considers the contested process of coastal development in New Zealand and the implications of both governmental regulation and public concern for understanding property. Its empirical focus is a proposal for a substantial, new urbanist development at Ocean Beach, located in the Hawke's Bay region of the North Island. Three key sources of data inform the research: published reports; public submissions to council; and interviews with a sample of those involved in the planning process. Opposition to development is explained in terms of three broad areas of concern: the dramatic physical and social changes that would accompany subdivision and construction; fears of a loss of control over a valued local landscape; and a morally informed sense of propriety. The article finds that the ownership model of property is not especially powerful at Ocean Beach; rather, there is a broad consensus that private property rights exist within a public planning framework. It is this framework that contributes, in large part, to ensuring that voices of community opposition to property development at Ocean Beach (and elsewhere along the coast) are heard. Nevertheless, private property rights are rarely dismissed completely. Résumé Cet article porte sur une démarche contestée d'aménagement côtier en Nouvelle‐Zélande, ainsi sur les incidences de la réglementation gouvernementale et de l'inquiétude de la population, pour mieux comprendre le sens de la propriété. Sur le plan empirique, il s'intéresse à une vaste urbanisation nouvelle proposée sur le site d'Ocean Beach situé dans la région de Hawke's Bay dans l'île du Nord. L'étude tire ses données de trois sources principales: rapports publiés, soumissions publiques auprès du conseil, et entretiens avec un groupe représentatif de personnes impliquées dans le processus d'aménagement. L'opposition au complexe s'articule autour de trois grands domaines de préoccupation: les changements physiques et sociaux radicaux qu'occasionneraient subdivision et construction; les craintes de perdre la maîtrise d'un paysage local prisé; un sens de la propriété reposant sur des valeurs morales. Le modèle de propriété immobilière ne s'impose pas particulièrement à Ocean Beach; on y trouve plutôt un large consensus pour que les droits de propriété privée existent dans un cadre d'aménagement public. C'est ce cadre qui contribue en grande partie à garantir que soient entendues les voix de la communauté opposées à l'aménagement immobilier d'Ocean Beach (ou sur tout autre site côtier). Néanmoins les droits de propriété privée sont rarement complètement rejetés.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".