Protogyny, protandry, and bimodal emergence patterns in necrophagous Diptera
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract The emergence patterns of Diptera breeding in small-sized and buried carrion were studied in rearing experiments with field-exposed baits. Development times are reported for 52 species in the families Phoridae, Sphaeroceridae, Sepsidae, Heleomyzidae, Anthomyiidae, Fanniidae, Muscidae, Sarcophagidae, Psychodidae, and Sciaridae. Most species showed a synchronous emergence of males and females. Protandry was detected in Hydrotaea ignava (Harris) (Muscidae), H. palaestrica (Meigen), and Psychoda minuta (Banks) (Psychodidae). Protogyny was found in several species of Phoridae, namely Conicera similis (Haliday), C. schnittmanni Schmitz, Anevrina unispinosa (Zetterstedt), and Triphleba dudai (Schmitz). Conicera schnittmanni and T. dudai showed two discrete emergence periods for each sex, which is due to a delayed emergence of some specimens. Protogyny is a rare phenomenon in Diptera and insects in general, and has never been reported before in Phoridae. The significance of protogyny could not be ascertained in the examined species, because of insufficient information on their mating systems and female receptivity patterns.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".