Human Metapneumovirus Infection Induces Long‐Term Pulmonary Inflammation Associated with Airway Obstruction and Hyperresponsiveness in Mice
Bibliographic record
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Human metapneumovirus (hMPV) is a newly described paramyxovirus that is associated with bronchiolitis, pneumonia, and asthma exacerbation. The objective of the present work was to study the duration of pulmonary inflammation and the functional consequences of infection with hMPV by use of a BALB/c mouse model. METHODS: BALB/c mice were inoculated with 1 x 10(8) TCID(50) of hMPV type A (C-85473), and viral persistence in lungs was assessed by reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction for 154 days after infection. Pulmonary inflammation was characterized in histopathological experiments by use of a validated scoring system, and periodic acid-Schiff (PAS) staining of lung sections was used to document increased mucus production, also until day 154. Finally, respiratory functions were analyzed by taking plethysmographic measurements until day 70. RESULTS: Persistence of viral RNA and significant pulmonary inflammation were noted until day 154, whereas the findings for PAS staining suggested that mucus production was increased only until day 12. Maximal breathing difficulties occurred on day 5, and airway obstruction and hyperresponsiveness were still significant until at least day 70. CONCLUSION: Acute hMPV infection in BALB/c mice is associated with long-term pulmonary inflammation that leads to significant obstructive disease of the airways. This animal model will be of a great benefit in the evaluation of novel therapeutic and prophylactic modalities.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".