An Empirical Discharge Coefficient Model for Orifice Flow
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Bibliographic record
Abstract
In fluid power systems, flow control is mainly achieved by throttling the flow across valve orifices. Lumped parameter models are generally used to model the flow in these systems. The basic orifice flow equation, derived from Bernoulli's equation of flow, is proportional to the orifice sectional area and the square root of the pressure drop and is used to model the orifice coefficient of proportionality. The discharge coefficient, Cd, is often modeled as being constant in value, independent of Reynolds number.However, for very small orifice openings, Cd varies significantly and can result in substantial error if assumed constant. In this situation, modelers usually revert to graphs or look—up tables to determine Cd. This paper provides a closed form model for Cd as a function of the Reynolds number which can be applied to different types of orifices. Based on this model, a technique to evaluate flow given an orifice area and pressure drop without having to use iteration is introduced.
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it