Shoal behaviour and maturity relations of spawning capelin (<i>Mallotus villosus</i>) off Newfoundland: demersal spawning and diel vertical movement patterns
Bibliographic record
Abstract
We investigated shoals of capelin (Mallotus villosus), the focal forage fish species in the Northwest Atlantic, in nearshore Newfoundland during spawning (20002003). Large shoals of maturing capelin were observed in warm (>0 °C), deep (>240 m) water. Smaller shoals of maturing fish were located in two specific areas closer to shore in shallower water (100150 m). Shoals persisted in these staging areas in all years and moved into warm surface water during dark but remained in cold (<0 °C) deep water during daylight. These diel vertical movement patterns may reflect a trade-off between growth and survival, whereby cold, deep water allows reduced predation risk from visual, air-breathing predators while warm, surface water allows increased gonadal development. Shoals of spent capelin, mainly females, were also found in these areas. Sex-specific shoals were observed between staging areas and the coast. Closer to shore, mature, mixed-sex shoals revealed two previously undocumented demersal spawning sites (2833 m). Suitable habitat for spawning and staging areas resulted in persistent aggregations of capelin shoals, reflecting key foraging areas for top predators and critical areas for conservation.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".