Immune modulation by a high molecular weight fraction from the rat tapeworm <i>Hymenolepis diminuta</i>
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The host-parasite relationship is exquisitely specific. In exploiting the host niche, a variety of helminth parasites have been shown to directly manipulate their hosts' immune responses. We assessed the ability of a whole-worm extract of Hymenolepis diminuta to modulate immune cell activation. Immune cells isolated from human blood or rodent spleens were activated with the T cell mitogen, concanavalin A (Con A) +/- H. diminuta extract and cytokine production (i.e. IL-2, -4, -10, -12) and proliferation assessed by ELISA and [3H]thymidine incorporation 24 and 72 h post-treatment, respectively. Co-treatment with the H. diminuta extract (100 microg protein/ml) virtually abolished Con A-induced immune cell proliferation, which was not due to increased apoptosis. Boiling of the worm extract reduced its anti-proliferative effect and fractionation indicated that a > 50 kDa component was predominantly responsible for the inhibition of Con A-induced immune cell proliferation. Cytokine determinations revealed that the H. diminuta extract significantly reduced Con A-stimulated IL-2 and IL-4, but enhanced the production of IFNy, IL-12 and IL-10. The increased IL-12 was due to an LPS contaminant in the extract and a helminth-derived 'IL-12'-like peptide that bound in the ELISA and Western blots. In contrast, a H. diminuta-derived factor directly stimulated IL-10 production by murine splenocytes, and contaminating LPS synergistically enhanced the production of IL-10. Thus, H. diminuta has the potential to block stimulated T cell proliferation and, by inhibiting IL-4 and promoting IL-10 production, may bias the immune environment towards one of immunoregulation and away from IL-4 dominated T helper 2 type events.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".