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The NINJA-2 project: detecting and characterizing gravitational waveforms modelled using numerical binary black hole simulations
J. Aasi, B. P. Abbott, R. Abbott, T. D. Abbott, M. R. Abernathy, T. Accadia, F. Acernese, K. Ackley, C. Adams, T. Adams, P. Addesso, R. X. Adhikari, C. Affeldt, M. Agathos, N. Aggarwal, O. D. Aguiar, A. Ain, P. Ajith, A. Alemic, B. Allen, A. Allocca, D. Amariutei, M. Andersen, R. P. Anderson, S. B. Anderson, W. G. Anderson, K. Arai, M. Araya, C. C. Arceneaux, J. S. Areeda, S. M. Aston, P. Astone, P. Aufmuth, C. Aulbert, Larry Austin, B. E. Aylott, S. Babak, P. T. Baker, G. Ballardin, S. W. Ballmer, J. C. Barayoga, M. Barbet, B. C. Barish, D. Barker, F. Barone, B. Barr, L. Barsotti, M. Barsuglia, M. A. Barton, I. Bartos, R. Bassiri, A. Basti, J. C. Batch, J. Bauchrowitz, Thomas Bauer, B. Behnke, M. Bejger, M. G. Beker, Krzysztof Belczyński, A. S. Bell, C. Bell, G. Bergmann, D. Bersanetti, A. Bertolini, J. Betzwieser, P. T. Beyersdorf, I. A. Bilenko, G. Billingsley, J. Birch, S. Biscans, M. Bitossi, M. A. Bizouard, E. Black, J. K. Blackburn, Lindy Blackburn, D. G. Blair, S. Bloemen, M. Blom, O. Bock, T. P. Bodiya, M. Boër, G. Bogaert, C. Bogan, C. Bond, F. Bondu, L. Bonelli, R. Bonnand, R. Bork, M. Born, V. Boschi, S. Bose, L. Bosi, C. Bradaschia, P. R. Brady, V. B. Braginsky, M. Branchesi, J. E. Brau, T. Briant, D. O. Bridges, A. Brillet, M. Brinkmann, V. Brisson, A. F. Brooks, D. Brown, Frank Brückner, Saps Buchman, T. Bulik, H. J. Bulten, A. Buonanno, R. R. Burman, D. Buskulic, C. Buy, L. Cadonati, G. Cagnoli, J. Calderón Bustillo, E. Calloni, J. B. Camp, P. Campsie, K. C. Cannon, B. Canuel, J. Cao, C. D. Capano, F. Carbognani, L. Carbone, S. Caride, A. Castiglia, S. Caudill, M. Cavaglià, F. Cavalier, R. Cavalieri, C. Celerier, G. Cella, C. Cepeda, E. Cesarini, R. Chakraborty, T. Chalermsongsak, S. J. Chamberlin, S. Chao, P. Charlton, E. Chassande‐Mottin, X Chen, Y Chen, A. Chincarini, A. Chiummo, H S Cho, J. H. Chow, N. Christensen, Q. Chu, M. Cieślar, S. Chung, G. Ciani, F. Clara, J. A. Clark, F. Cleva, E. Coccia, P-F Cohadon, A. Colla, Christophe Collette, M. Colombini, L. Cominsky, M. Constancio, A. Conte, D. Cook, T. R. Corbitt, M. Cordier, Neil J. Cornish, A. Corpuz, A. Corsi, C. A. Costa, M. W. Coughlin, S. Coughlin, J.‐P. Coulon, S. T. Countryman, P. Couvares, D. M. Coward, M. J. Cowart, D. C. Coyne, R. Coyne, K. Craig, J. D. E. Creighton, S. G. Crowder, A. Cumming, L. Cunningham, E. Cuoco, K. Dahl, T. Dal Canton, M. Damjanic, S. L. Danilishin, S. D’Antonio, K. Danzmann, V. Dattilo, H. Daveloza, M. Davier, G. S. Davies, E. J. Daw, R. Day, T. Dayanga, G. Debreczeni, J. Degallaix, S. Deléglise, W. Del Pozzo, T. Denker, T. Dent, H. Dereli, V. Dergachev, R. De Rosa, R. T. DeRosa, R. DeSalvo, S. Dhurandhar, M. Díaz, L. Di Fiore, A. Di Lieto, I. Di Palma, A. Di Virgilio, A. Donath, F. Donovan, K. L. Dooley, S. Doravari, S. Dossa, R. Douglas, T. P. Downes, M. Drago, R. W. P. Drever, J. C. Driggers, Zhihui Du, S. E. Dwyer, T. Eberle, T. Edo, M. C. Edwards, A. Effler, H.-B. Eggenstein, P. Ehrens, J. Eichholz, S. S. Eikenberry, G. Endrőczi, R. C. Essick, T. Etzel, M. Evans, T. Evans, M. Factourovich, V. Fafone, S. Fairhurst, Q. Fang, S. Farinon, B. Farr, Will M. Farr, M. Favata, H. Fehrmann, M. M. Fejer, D. Feldbaum, F. Feroz, I. Ferrante, F. Ferrini, F. Fidecaro, L. S. Finn, I. Fiori, R. P. Fisher, R. Flaminio, J-D Fournier, Sebastián Franco, S. Frasca, F. Frasconi, M. Frede, Z. Frei, A. Freise, R. Frey, T. T. Fricke, P. Fritschel, В. В. Фролов, P. Fulda, M. Fyffe, J. Gair, L. Gammaitoni, S. G. Gaonkar, F. Garufi, N. Gehrels, G. Gemme, E. Genin, A. Gennai, S. Ghosh, J. A. Giaime, K. D. Giardina, A. Giazotto, C. Gill, J. Gleason, E. Goetz, L. Gondán, G. González, Neil Gordon, M. L. Gorodetsky, S. E. Gossan, S. Goßler, R. Gouaty, Christian Gräf, P. B. Graff, M. Granata, A. Grant, S. Gras, C. Gray, R. J. S. Greenhalgh, A. M. Gretarsson, P. Groot, H. Grote, K. Grover, S. Grünewald, G. M. Guidi, C. Guido, K. Gushwa, E. K. Gustafson, R. Gustafson, D. Hammer, G. Hammond, M. M. Hanke, J. Hanks, C. Hanna, J. Hanson, J. Harms, I. W. Harry, E. D. Harstad, M. J. Hart, M. T. Hartman, K. Haughian, A. Heidmann, M. C. Heintze, H. Heitmann, P. Hello, M. Hendry, I. S. Heng, A. W. Heptonstall, M. Heurs, M. Hewitson, S. Hild, D. Hoak, K. A. Hodge, K. Holt, S. Hooper, P. Hopkins, David J. Hosken, J. Hough, E. J. Howell, Yi-Ming Hu, B. Hughey, S. Husa, S. H. Huttner, M. Huynh, T. Huynh–Dinh, D. R. Ingram, R. Inta, T. Isogai, A. Ivanov, B. R. Iyer, K. Izumi, M. Jacobson, E. James, H. Jang, P. Jaranowski, Y. Ji, F. Jiménez-Forteza, W. W. Johnson, D. I. Jones, R. Jones, R. J. G. Jonker, L. Ju, K. Haris, P. Kalmus, V. Kalogera, S. Kandhasamy, G. Kang, J. B. Kanner, J. Karlen, M. Kasprzack, E. Katsavounidis, W. Katzman, H. Kaufer, K. Kawabe, F. Kawazoe, F. Kéfélian, G. M. Keiser, D. Keitel, D. B. Kelley, W. Kells, A. Khalaidovski, F. Y. Khalili, Е. А. Хазанов, C Kim, K. Kim, N Kim, N G Kim, E. J. King, Peter King, D. L. Kinzel, J. S. Kissel, S. Klimenko, J. Kline, S. M. Koehlenbeck, K. Kokeyama, V. Kondrashov, S. Koranda, W. Z. Korth, I. Kowalska, D. B. Kozak, A. Kremin, V. Kringel, B. Krishnan, A. Królak, A. Kumar, P. Kumar, S. Kumar, L. Kuo, A. Kutynia, P. Kwee, M. Landry, B. Lantz, Shane L. Larson, P. D. Lasky, Craig Lawrie, A. Lazzarini, C. Lazzaro, P. Leaci, S. Leavey, E. O. Lebigot, Chang‐Hwan Lee, H. K. Lee, Hyung Mok Lee, J Lee, M. Leonardi, J. R. Leong, A. Le Roux, N. Leroy, N. Letendre, Y. Levin, B. M. Levine, Jeffrey B. Lewis, T G F Li, Kenneth G. Libbrecht, A. Libson, A. C. Lin, T. B. Littenberg, V. Litvine, N. A. Lockerbie, Veronica Lockett-Ruiz, D. Lodhia, K. M. Loew, J. Logue, A. L. Lombardi, M. Lorenzini, V. Loriette, M. Lormand, G. Losurdo, J. D. Lough, M. J. Lubinski, H. Lück, Erik Luijten, A. P. Lundgren, Ryan S. Lynch, Y. Ma, J. Macarthur, E. Macdonald, T. MacDonald, B. Machenschalk, M. MacInnis, D. M. Macleod, F. Magaña‐Sandoval, M. Mageswaran, C. Maglione, K. Mailand, E. Majorana, I. Maksimovic, V. Malvezzi, N. Man, G. M. Manca, Ilya Mandel, V. Mandic, V. Mangano, N. M. Mangini, M. Mantovani, F. Marchesoni, F. Marion, Szabolcs Márka, Z. Márka, A. S. Markosyan, E. Maros, J. Marque, F. Martelli, I. W. Martin, R. M. Martin, L. Martinelli, Д. В. Мартынов, J. N. Marx, K. Mason, A. Masserot, T. J. Massinger, F. Matichard, L. Matone, R. A. Matzner, N. Mavalvala, N. Mazumder, G. Mazzolo, R. McCarthy, D. E. McClelland, S. C. McGuire, G. McIntyre, J. McIver, K. McLin, D. Meacher, G. D. Meadors, M. Mehmet, J. Meidam, M. Meinders, A. Melatos, G. Mendell, R. A. Mercer, S. Meshkov, C. Messenger, P. M. Meyers, H. Miao, C. Michel, Е. Е. Михайлов, L. Milano, S. Milde, J. Miller, Y. Minenkov, Chiara M. F. Mingarelli, C. Mishra, S. Mitra, V. P. Mitrofanov, G. Mitselmakher, R. Mittleman, B. Moe, Philipp Moesta, M. Mohan, M. Mondin, D. Moraru, G. Moreno, N. Morgado, S. R. Morriss, K. Mossavi, B. Mours, C. M. Mow–Lowry, C. Mueller, G. Mueller, Suvodip Mukherjee, A. Mullavey, J. Münch, D. Murphy, P. G. Murray, A. Mytidis, M. F. Nagy, Deepak Kumar, I. Nardecchia, L. Naticchioni, R. K. Nayak, V. Necula, G. Nelemans, I. Neri, M. Néri, G. Newton, T. Nguyen, A. Nitz, F. Nocera, D. Nolting, M. E. N. Normandin, L. K. Nuttall, E. Ochsner, J. O’Dell, E. Oelker, J. J. Oh, S. H. Oh, F. Ohme, P. Oppermann, B. O’Reilly, R. O’Shaughnessy, C. Osthelder, D. J. Ottaway, R. S. Ottens, H. Overmier, B. J. Owen, A. Pai, O. Palashov, C. Palomba, Hsing-Po Pan, Y. Pan, C. Pankow, F. Paoletti, R. Paoletti, M. A. Papa, H. Paris, A. Pasqualetti, R. Passaquieti, D. Passuello, M. Pedraza, S. Penn, A. Perreca, M. Phelps, M. Pichot, M. Pickenpack, F. Piergiovanni, V. Pierro, L. Pinard, I. M. Pinto, M. Pitkin, J. Poeld, R. Poggiani, A. K. Poteomkin, J. Powell, J. Prasad, S. Premachandra, T. Prestegard, L. R. Price, M. Prijatelj, S. Privitera, G. A. Prodi, L. Prokhorov, O. Puncken, M. Punturo, P. Puppo, J. Qin, V. Quetschke, E. A. Quintero, G. Quiroga, R. Quitzow-James, F. J. Raab, D. S. Rabeling, István Rácz, H. Radkins, P. Raffai, S. Raja, G Rajalakshmi, M. Rakhmanov, C. Ramet, K. E. Ramirez, P. Rapagnani, V. Raymond, V. Re, J. Read, C. M. Reed, T. Regimbau, S. Reid, D. H. Reitze, E. Rhoades, K. Riles, N. A. Robertson, F. Robinet, A. Rocchi, M. Rodruck, L. Rolland, J. G. Rollins, R. Romano, G. Romanov, J. H. Romie, D. Rosińska, S. Rowan, A. Rüdiger, P. Ruggi, K. Ryan, F. Salemi, L. Sammut, V. Sandberg, J. R. Sanders, V. Sannibale, I. Santiago-Prieto, E. Saracco, B. Sassolas, B. S. Sathyaprakash, P. R. Saulson, R. L. Savage, Jacob Scheuer, R. Schilling, R. Schnabel, R. M. S. Schofield, E. Schreiber, D. Schuette, B. F. Schutz, J. Scott, S. M. Scott, D. Sellers, A. S. Sengupta, D. Sentenac, V. Sequino, A. Sergeev, D. A. Shaddock, S. Shah, M. S. Shahriar, M. Shaltev, B. Shapiro, P. Shawhan, D. H. Shoemaker, T. L. Sidery, K. Siellez, X. Siemens, D. Sigg, D. Simakov, A. Singer, R. Singh, A. M. Sintes, B. J. J. Slagmolen, J. Slutsky, J. R. Smith, M. Smith, R. J. E. Smith, N. D. Smith-Lefebvre, E. J. Son, B. Sorazu, T. Souradeep, L. Sperandio, A. Staley, J. Stebbins, J. Steinlechner, S. Steinlechner, B. C. Stephens, S. Steplewski, S. P. Stevenson, R. Stone, D. J. Stops, K. A. Strain, N. Straniero, S. Strigin, R. Sturani, A. L. Stuver, T. Z. Summerscales, S. Susmithan, P. J. Sutton, B. L. Swinkels, M. Tacca, D. Talukder, D. B. Tanner, S. P. Tarabrin, R. Taylor, A. P. M. ter Braack, M. P. Thirugnanasambandam, M. Thomas, P. Thomas, K. A. Thorne, K. S. Thorne, E. Thrane, V. Tiwari, K. V. Tokmakov, C. Tomlinson, A. Toncelli, M. Tonelli, O. Torre, C. Torres, F. Travasso, G. Traylor, M. Tse, D. Ugolini, A. L. Urban, Karel Urbánek, H. Vahlbruch, G. Vajente, G. Valdes, M. Vallisneri, J. F. J. van den Brand, S. van der Putten, Marc van der Sluys, J. V. van Heijningen, A. A. van Veggel, S. Vass, M. Vasúth, R. Vaulin, A. Vecchio, G. Vedovato, J. Veitch, K. Venkateswara, D. Verkindt, S. S. Verma, F. Vetrano, A. Viceré, R. Vincent-Finley, J-Y Vinet, S. Vitale, T. Vo, H. Vocca, C. Vorvick, W. D. Vousden, S. P. Vyachanin, A. R. Wade, L. E. Wade, M. Wade, M. Walker, L. Wallace, M Wang, X Wang, R. L. Ward, M. Wąs, B. Weaver, L-W Wei, M. Weinert, A. J. Weinstein, R. Weiss, T. Welborn, L. Wen, P. Weßels, M. West, T. Westphal, K. Wette, J. T. Whelan, S. E. Whitcomb, D. J. White, B. F. Whiting, K. Wiesner, C. Wilkinson, Kurtis A. Williams, L. Williams, R. Williams, T. Williams, A. R. Williamson, J. L. Willis, B. Willke, M. H. Wimmer, W. Winkler, C. C. Wipf, A. G. Wiseman, H. Wittel, G. Woan, J. Worden, J. Yablon, I. Yakushin, H. Yamamoto, C. C. Yancey, Huan Yang, Ziyan Yang, S. Yoshida, M. Yvert, A. Zadrożny, M. Zanolin, J-P Zendri, Fan Zhang, L Zhang, C. Zhao, X. J. Zhu, M. E. Zucker, S. E. Zuraw, J. Zweizig, M Boyle, Bernd Brügmann, Luisa T. Buchman, Manuela Campanelli, Tony Chu, Z. B. Etienne, M Hannam, J. Healy, Ian Hinder, Larry Kidder, Pablo Laguna, Y T Liu, L. T. London, C. O. Loustó, Geoffrey Lovelace, Ilana MacDonald, Pedro Marronetti, Philipp Mösta, Doreen Müller, Bruno C. Mundim, Hiroyuki Nakano, Vasileios Paschalidis, L. Pekowsky, Denis Pollney, Harald Pfeiffer, Marcelo Ponce, M. Pürrer, George Reifenberger, Christian Reisswig, L. Santamaría, Mark A. Scheel, S. L. Shapiro, D. M. Shoemaker, Carlos F. Sopuerta, Ulrich Sperhake, Béla Szilágyi, Nicholas Taylor, Wolfgang Tichy, Petr Tsatsin, Yosef Zlochower
Why this work is in the frame
A frame that forgets how it found something cannot be audited. These are the routes that admitted this work.
affAt least one author lists a Canadian institution in the pinned OpenAlex snapshot.
fundA Canadian funder is recorded on the work.
Bibliographic record
VenueClassical and Quantum Gravity · 2014
Typearticle
Languageen
FieldPhysics and Astronomy
TopicPulsars and Gravitational Waves Research
Canadian institutionsUniversity of GuelphCanadian Institute for Advanced ResearchCanadian Institute for Theoretical AstrophysicsPerimeter InstituteUniversity of Toronto
FundersFP7 People: Marie-Curie ActionsScience and Technology Facilities CouncilNatural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of CanadaCollege of ComputingIstituto Nazionale di Fisica NucleareMinisterio de Ciencia e InnovaciónNational Research Foundation of KoreaIndustry CanadaUniversity of TorontoDeutsches Zentrum für Luft- und RaumfahrtNational Research FoundationAustrian Science FundCanada Research ChairsGovern de les Illes BalearsNederlandse Organisatie voor Wetenschappelijk OnderzoekCentre National de la Recherche ScientifiqueCouncil of Scientific and Industrial Research, IndiaScottish Universities Physics AllianceCanadian Institute for Advanced ResearchMinistero dello Sviluppo EconomicoInstitut des Origines de LyonNational Science FoundationCompute CanadaMinisterio de Economía y CompetitividadGovernment of OntarioNational Aeronautics and Space AdministrationCalifornia Institute of TechnologyAlfred P. Sloan FoundationHungarian Scientific Research FundLeverhulme TrustDeutsche ForschungsgemeinschaftDavid and Lucile Packard FoundationSherman Fairchild Foundation
KeywordsPhysicsLIGOGravitational waveWaveformBinary black holeNumerical relativityBinary numberAstrophysicsSensitivity (control systems)Monte Carlo methodSkyInterferometryObservatoryEinstein TelescopeAstronomyStatisticsQuantum mechanics
Abstract
The Numerical INJection Analysis (NINJA) project is a collaborative effort between members of the numerical relativity and gravitational-wave (GW) astrophysics communities. The purpose of NINJA is to study the ability to detect GWs emitted from merging binary black holes (BBH) and recover their parameters with next-generation GW observatories. We report here on the results of the second NINJA project, NINJA-2, which employs 60 complete BBH hybrid waveforms consisting of a numerical portion modelling the late inspiral, merger, and ringdown stitched to a post-Newtonian portion modelling the early inspiral. In a 'blind injection challenge' similar to that conducted in recent Laser Interferometer Gravitational Wave Observatory (LIGO) and Virgo science runs, we added seven hybrid waveforms to two months of data recoloured to predictions of Advanced LIGO (aLIGO) and Advanced Virgo (AdV) sensitivity curves during their first observing runs. The resulting data was analysed by GW detection algorithms and 6 of the waveforms were recovered with false alarm rates smaller than 1 in a thousand years. Parameter-estimation algorithms were run on each of these waveforms to explore the ability to constrain the masses, component angular momenta and sky position of these waveforms. We find that the strong degeneracy between the mass ratio and the BHs' angular momenta will make it difficult to precisely estimate these parameters with aLIGO and AdV. We also perform a large-scale Monte Carlo study to assess the ability to recover each of the 60 hybrid waveforms with early aLIGO and AdV sensitivity curves. Our results predict that early aLIGO and AdV will have a volume-weighted average sensitive distance of 300 Mpc (1 Gpc) for 10M_⊙ + 10M_⊙ (50M_⊙ + 50M_⊙) BBH coalescences. We demonstrate that neglecting the component angular momenta in the waveform models used in matched-filtering will result in a reduction in sensitivity for systems with large component angular momenta. This reduction is estimated to be up to ~15% for 50M_⊙ + 50M_⊙ BBH coalescences with almost maximal angular momenta aligned with the orbit when using early aLIGO and AdV sensitivity curves.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
metaresearch head score (Codex)0.000
metaresearch head score (Gemma)0.000
Version: codex-gemma-dda1882f352aValidation status: machine_predicted_unvalidated
Candidate categoriesnone
Consensus categoriesnone
DomainCandidate signal: none · Consensus signal: none
Study designCandidate signal: Theoretical or conceptual · Consensus signal: none
GenreCandidate signal: Empirical · Consensus signal: Empirical
Teacher disagreement score0.821
Threshold uncertainty score0.794
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
Opus teacher head0.030
GPT teacher head0.331
Teacher spread0.301 · how far apart the two teachers sit on this one work
Validation status
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itQuick stats
Citations63
Published2014
Admission routes2
Has abstractyes