X-ray absorption spectroscopy of aqueous solutions in the X-ray energy region from 1800 to 3700 eV
Bibliographic record
Abstract
A methodology for the X-ray XANES and EXAFS analyses of aqueous solutions was developed for the Double Crystal Monochromator (DCM) beamline of the Canadian Synchrotron Radiation Facility (CSRF). The technique is based on the implementation of a liquid cell, which is compatible with the standard solid-state sample holding mechanism used at the beamlines of CSRF and the Canadian Light Source (CLS). Aluminized Mylar film with a thickness of 5 μm has been thoroughly investigated for use as a window material for the cell, and found acceptable for the collection of the S, Cl, and K K-edge spectra of ions in aqueous solution, but not for P K-edge or Rb L 2,3 -edge spectra. Some of the limitations of this methodology, such as diffusion of the solution through the window and the detection limit at low ion concentration, are investigated and discussed.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.004 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".