Stellar populations of Lyα emitters at<i>z</i>= 3-4 based on deep large area surveys in the Subaru-SXDS/UKIDSS-UDS Field
Bibliographic record
Abstract
We investigate the stellar populations of Lyα emitters (LAEs) at z= 3.1 and 3.7 in 0.65 deg2 of the Subaru/XMM–Newton Deep Field, based on rest-frame ultraviolet-to-optical photometry obtained from the Subaru/XMM–Newton Deep Survey, the UKIRT Infrared Deep Sky Survey/Ultra Deep Survey (UKIDSS/UDS), and the Spitzer legacy survey of the UKIDSS/UDS. Among a total of 302 LAEs (224 for z= 3.1 and 78 for z= 3.7), only 11 are detected in the K band, i.e. brighter than K(3σ) = 24.1 mag. Eight of the 11 K-detected LAEs are spectroscopically confirmed. In our stellar population analysis, we treat K-detected objects individually, while K-undetected objects are stacked at each redshift. We find that the K-undetected objects, which should closely represent the LAE population as a whole, have low stellar masses of ∼108–108.5 M⊙, modest star formation rates (SFRs) of 1–100 M⊙ yr−1, and modest dust extinction of E(B−V)★ < 0.2. The K-detected objects are massive, Mstar∼ 109–1010.5 M⊙, and have significant dust extinction with a median of E(B−V)★≃ 0.3. Four K-detected objects with the reddest spectral energy distributions, two of which are spectroscopically confirmed, are heavily obscured with E(B−V)★∼ 0.65, and their continua resemble those of some local ultraluminous infrared galaxies (ULIRGs). Interestingly, they have large Lyα equivalent widths ≃70–250 Å. If these four are excluded, our sample has a weak anticorrelation between Lyα equivalent width and Mstar. We compare the stellar masses and the specific SFRs (sSFRs) of LAEs with those of Lyman-break galaxies (LBGs), distant red galaxies, submillimetre galaxies, and I- or K-selected galaxies with photometric redshifts of zphot∼ 3. We find that the LAE population is the least massive among all the galaxy populations in question, but with relatively high sSFRs, while near-infrared (NIR)-detected LAEs have Mstar and sSFR similar to LBGs. Our reddest four LAEs have very high sSFRs in spite of large Mstar, thus occupying a unique region in the Mstar versus sSFR space.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".