Bibliographic record
Abstract
The existing literature on the effect of recycling on a virgin pro-ducer’s market power assumes that the entire output of the recyclable product produced in any period is available to the recycling firms as scrap in a subsequent period. The consumers ’ decision whether to participate in recycling or not is, however, not modelled. Instead it is implicitly assumed that all consumers sort the recyclable product from their household garbage. We relax this assumption in Swan’s (Journal of Political Economy, 1980) model. When recycling requires consumers to undertake costly sorting activities to separate scrap from household garbage, they will participate only if the net reward from sorting is positive. With heterogeneous consumers differing in terms of their sorting cost, the entire output of the recyclable product may not be subsequently available as scrap to the recycling firms. This has implications for the virgin producer’s monopoly power, and may also lead to multiple equilibria if the “network effect ” of sorting is suffi-ciently large. The latter result suggests a role for the government in influencing equilibrium selection to improve social welfare, for example by encouraging more recycling.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.002 | 0.008 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.002 | 0.003 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.003 |
| Research integrity | 0.003 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.030 | 0.002 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".