Immigrant Health and the Children and Youth of Canada: Are We Doing Enough?
Bibliographic record
Abstract
S itting across from me in the crowded examining room of an inner-city Toronto pediatric clinic is a mother, a child and their family friend.The mother and her three-year-old have been in Canada for almost a year, having emigrated from Vietnam (insert virtually any country of origin here) and are currently living in a multi-family dwelling in a well-known area of lower socio-economic status.The mother speaks very little English, and the family friend is attempting to act as interpreter and support person.No official interpreter services are available today, and after completing my consultation (to the best of my abilities) regarding the presenting problem of "language delay," I am faced with having to try to discuss the possibility of this child having a much broader communication disorder, autism.Where to start?Is there an ethno-cultural equivalent to autism?How will this diagnosis affect this mother and child and the rest of the family dynamics?How do I get the importance of advocacy across to them?The questions go on.Even with English as a first language and no educational or economic barriers, navigating the "system" is complex and exhausting (e.g., myriad agencies, separate contact individuals, multiple appointments, variable therapeutic options etc.).What resources are available or accessible for this particular family financially, emotionally and socially?My first thought is, "Am I going to be able to do enough to help this family, and what happens when they walk out this door?"Such an encounter would certainly not be an uncommon event for Canadian healthcare providers, and it is meant to highlight some of the issues around immigrant health, particularly as it applies to children and youth. Canadian ImmigrantsImmigrants, defined as individuals who come to a country where they were not born in order to settle, make up an increasing proportion of the Canadian population.In the 2006 government of Canada census report, immigrants made up 19.8% (6.1 million) of the over 31 million Canadians, up from 17. 4% in 1996 (Statistics Canada 2006).Overall, 16.4% of Canadians identified themselves as being of a "visible minority," compared with 11.2% in 1996 (Figure 1), which is likely indicative of the shift in immigration patterns away from European origins and toward African, Caribbean, Central American, Chinese, Middle Eastern, South Asian and Southeast Asian origins (Statistics Canada 2006).Figure 1 shows the absolute number and the percentage of visible minorities from the 1981 to 2006 censuses.In 1981, there were 1.1 million visible minority persons in Canada, and the number Are We Doing Enough?Tony Barozzino Immigrant Health and the Children and Youth of Canada ©Health metrics network secretariat / Health metrics network Hmn, WHo/Gurinder osan
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.003 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.017 | 0.004 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.004 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Research integrity | 0.002 | 0.004 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.005 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".