Volume sensing properties of open-ended coaxial probes for dielectric spectroscopy of breast tissue
Bibliographic record
Abstract
An ultrawideband microwave imaging approach to early breast cancer detection is based on the hypothesis that there exists a significant dielectric-properties contrast between cancerous and normal breast tissue at microwave frequencies. Definitive knowledge of the dielectric properties of breast tissue in the RF/microwave frequency range (0.1-20 GHz) is required for the development of novel technologies related to the detection and treatment of breast cancer. Coaxial probes have been extensively analyzed and used in dielectric spectroscopy. A careful analysis of the sensing volume of the probes used in our measurements on excised specimens is needed to ensure the highest possible accuracy in the dielectric properties estimates of human breast tissue. We present preliminary estimates of the sensing volume of small diameter coaxial probes. Results were obtained for 2.20 mm and 3.58 mm diameter probes, both without flanges. De-ionized water, methanol, and butanol were chosen as test liquids because their dielectric properties cover the expected range of permittivities of breast tissue. Our results suggest that relatively small tissue samples are sufficient to establish accurately their dielectric properties in the microwave frequency range up to 20 GHz, using small-diameter open-ended coaxial probes.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".