Calcium Oxalate Nephrolithiasis and Tubular Necrosis in Recent Metamorphs of <i>Rana sylvatica</i> ( <i>Lithobates sylvaticus</i> ) Fed Spinach During the Premetamorphic (Tadpole) Stage
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Amphibians in the family Ranidae (true frogs) seem highly susceptible to oxalosis, particularly when fed a diet high in oxalic acid during the premetamorphic (tadpole) stage. The authors describe the mortality of 150 captive-raised wood frogs (Rana sylvatica or Lithobates sylvaticus) from oxalate nephrolithiasis and renal tubular necrosis caused by consumption of boiled spinach during tadpole development. Renal lesions were due to intraluminal transparent crystals which were birefringent under polarized light and were identified morphologically and histochemically as composed of calcium oxalate. Evidence of early fibrosis or squamous metaplasia, and a presentation at least 2 weeks after spinach consumption had ended, suggested a subacute course. Tadpole-feeding protocols should avoid plants with high oxalate content (eg, spinach and rhubarb leaves), and any episode of high mortality in captive amphibians along with nephrolithiasis should prompt an evaluation of the feed sources for material with high oxalate content.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".