Beneficial Effects of Long-Term Use of the Antioxidant Probucol in Heart Failure in the Rat
Bibliographic record
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Congestive heart failure (CHF) is a disease that is characterized by progressive left ventricular (LV) dysfunction and dilatation. Oxidative stress is thought to contribute to the progression of CHF, and antioxidants have been shown to have beneficial effects when started early after myocardial infarction (MI). In this study, we tested whether the powerful antioxidant probucol would attenuate progression of CHF once it was established after MI in the rat. METHODS AND RESULTS: Ligation of a coronary artery was used to create an MI in rats (n=266). Survivors were then randomized 20 days after MI to either probucol 61 mg. kg(-1). d(-1) or vehicle and followed up for a total of 100 days after MI. Studies of cardiac hemodynamics, LV remodeling, cardiac apoptosis and morphology, systemic neurohumoral activation, oxidative stress, and renal function were then evaluated. Probucol improved LV function (LV maximum rate of pressure rise from 3103 to 4250 mm Hg/s, P<0.05, and LV end-diastolic pressure decrease from 28 to 24 mm Hg, P<0.05), reduced pulmonary weights, prevented right ventricular systolic hypertension, and preserved renal function compared with vehicle. Probucol also prevented LV dilatation, prevented wall thinning (1.70 versus 1.42 mm, P<0.05), reduced cardiac fibrosis and cardiac apoptosis, attenuated increased myocardial cell cross-sectional area, and increased scar thickness. CONCLUSIONS: In chronic CHF, probucol exerts multiple beneficial morphological effects that result in better LV remodeling and function, reduced neurohumoral activation, and preserved renal function.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".