The effect of surface properties on CaSO<sub>4</sub> scale formation during convective heat transfer and subcooled flow boiling
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Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract In this paper the effects of surface energy and surface roughness on the deposition of calcium sulphate during convective and subcooled flow boiling heat transfer to aqueous CaSO 4 solutions are studied. The surfaces of several test heaters have been treated by Ion Beam Implantation, Unbalanced Magnetron Sputtering, Mixed Sputtering and Plasma Arc Deposition to reduce surface energy. One heater was electropolished to reduce surface roughness and one heater was etched by an electrochemical method to increase surface roughness. Fouling runs with these heaters, and with an untreated surface as control, were carried out at different heat fluxes, flow velocities and salt concentrations. The results show that heat transfer surfaces with low surface energy experienced significantly reduced fouling, while electropolishing did not have a notable beneficial effect. The combined effect of reduced surface energy and flow velocity on fouling reduction is considerably stronger than previously reported for pool boiling.
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it