Amazons and Victims: Resisting Wife-Abuse in Working-Class Montréal, 1869-1879
Bibliographic record
Abstract
When Canadian feminists first began to organise against domestic violence in the 1970s, there was a sense that they were the first to do so. What this article suggests is that resistance to wife-abuse had its roots in the nineteenth century. Its visibility was, in part, due to the efforts of the temperance movement which made wife-battering into a public issue by linking it to its antidrinking campaign. Drunkedness was thought to cause wife-abuse and, as such, shaped people's perceptions of it as a crime. The first half of this article describes the role of temperance ideas informing the public's attitudes towards wife-battering. A common perception was that women beaten by their husbands were passive victims. This was only a part of the story. The actions of a significant number of working-class women in Montréal reveal a competing narrative. Evidence found in Montréal newspapers, police reports, and judicial records showed that women did, indeed, resist their husbands' violence. What sustained these women in their struggles against the physical aggression of their husbands, and the forms which these struggles took, are the subject of the second half of the paper.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".