Bibliographic record
Abstract
Sub-clinical transient pulmonary oedema has been observed following exercise in both animals and, to some degree, humans. It has been proposed that transient pulmonary oedema, resulting from either pulmonary capillary leakage or capillary stress failure, may limit diffusion in the lung during and after exercise. Initially, to determine the minimal tolerable FIO2 for subsequent work in hypoxia, 10 aerobically trained males (VO2 max, 57.2 ± 7.95 mL·kg–1·min–1; age, 29.6 ± 5.8 y; height, 181.1 ± 8.3 cm; mass, 79.4 ± 5.6 kg) performed graded cycling work to maximal effort under 4 conditions of varying FIO2 (21%, 18%, 15%, and 12%) in a randomized blinded fashion. VO2 max and minimal SaO2 were significantly reduced while breathing 15% and 12% oxygen (VO2 max, 48.2 ± 7.9 and 31.5 ± 7.4 mL·kg–1·min–1, respectively). In the 12% oxygen condition, the majority of the subjects were not able to complete maximal exercise without SaO2 falling below 70%. Subsequently, to determine if transient pulmonary oedema occurs after sustained exercise, 10 highly trained male athletes (VO2 max, 65.0 ± 7.5 mL·kg–1·min–1; age, 25.9 ± 4.7 y; height, 184.1 ± 8.2 cm; mass, 79.4 ± 9.5 kg) underwent assessment of lung density by quantified magnetic resonance imaging before and 54.0 ± 17.2 and 100.7 ± 15.1 min after 60 min of cycling exercise (61.6% ± 9.5% VO2 max). The same 10 subjects underwent an identical measure before and 55.6 ± 9.8 and 104.3 ± 9.1 min after 60 min of cycling exercise (65.4% ± 7.1% hypoxic VO2 max) in hypoxia (FIO2 = 15.0%). Two subjects demonstrated mild exercise-induced arterial hypoxaemia (EIAH) (minSaO2 = 94.5% and 93.8%), and 7 demonstrated moderate EIAH (minSaO2 = 91.4% ± 1.1%) during a preliminary VO2 max test in normoxia. No significant differences (p < 0.05) were found in lung density after exercise in either condition. Mean lung densities, measured once pre- and twice post-exercise, were 0.177 ± 0.019, 0.181 ± 0.019, and 0.173 ± 0.019 g·mL–1 in the normoxic condition, and 0.178 ± 0.021, 0.174 ± 0.022, and 0.176 ± 0.019 g·mL–1 in the hypoxic condition. These results indicate that transient interstitial pulmonary oedema does not occur following sustained steady-state cycling exercise in normoxia or hypoxia. This diminishes the likelihood of pulmonary capillary leakage as a mechanism of transient pulmonary oedema, and, in turn, as a mechanism for changes in SaO2 during sustained exercise.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.003 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".