Power and bandwidth-efficient circular M-ARY APK schemes with low PAR
Bibliographic record
Abstract
This paper presents a class of circular M-ary amplitude-phase shift keying (APK) signaling techniques with high bandwidth efficiency and low peak-to-average power ratio (PAR) suitable for systems using nonlinear power amplifiers to achieve high power efficiency. Based on bandlimited two-dimensional M-ary signals using circular constellations, we develop a search algorithm for optimum schemes for nonlinear amplification in terms of minimum PAR and maximum DPR. Optimum circular constellations for 16-, 64- and 128-APK signalling schemes are proposed. The effects of bandlimiting filter sharpness on the PAR are examined and considered in the development. The analytical and simulation results show that this class of circular M-ary APK signals outperforms the square and cross M-ary QAM schemes.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".