Observation of Financial Literacy among the Selected Students in the U.S. and Japan
Bibliographic record
Abstract
This study examined the level of financial literacy and confidence in making own financial decisions college students in US and Japan. A total of 575 undergraduate students, 359 undergraduate students in Sacramento, the state capitol of California, and 216 undergraduate students in Aichi prefecture, located near the center of the Japanese main island, participated in this study. Financial literacy was measured by two instruments: Survey of Personal Financial Literacy Among College Students in Jump$tart and the three questions developed by Lusardi and Mitchell. The US collegiate students selected for this study demonstrated a better understanding of financial literacy compared to Japanese counterparts in both measurement instruments. Nearly a half of Japanese students in this study did not feel that they were ready to make their own financial decisions. Their lack of confidence in making financial decision was regrettably reflected on their poor performance in the financial literacy test. These findings highlight the need for a wholistic approach to financial education in Japan.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".