Border Crossing Choice Behavior of Trucks along Trade Corridor between Toronto, Ontario, Canada, and Chicago, Illinois
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Canada and the United States are heavily dependent on a few border crossing locations to facilitate international trade between the two countries. These crossings cost firms extra time and uncertainty in their supply chains that reduce the effectiveness of trade. Therefore, a great need exists to study the movement of vehicles traversing these border locations and identify characteristics that make these locations attractive. To this end, this study utilizes GPS data to study trucks traveling between the transportation hubs in Toronto, Ontario, Canada, and Chicago, Illinois. Two feasible choices are available for these trucks to cross the international border: Blue Water Bridge and Ambassador Bridge. Although most route choice decisions are based primarily on reducing travel time, a unique aspect of this corridor is that the total trip time by route is relatively even. A logit model was estimated to identify other factors that may influence the route choice decisions of trucks in the Toronto–Chicago corridor. The results suggest that a higher average crossing delay for a given time of the day has a negative influence on the selection of a given border crossing. Such an effect is more pronounced for the Blue Water Bridge. Other factors influencing the choice of crossing include the type of industry served by the truck, the carriers operating the trucks, time of the day, and day of the week.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.005 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".