Variations in Water Content in Opal-A and Opal-CT from Geyser Discharge Aprons
Why this work is in the frame
A frame that forgets how it found something cannot be audited. These are the routes that admitted this work.
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract Opal-A (SiO2·nH2O) and its diagenetic derivative, opal-CT, are found in environments that range from the deep ocean floor to terrestrial spring/geyser systems. Although the loss of water may be a critical factor in the transition from opal-A to opal-CT, analytical difficulties in determining the distributions and quantities of molecular water (H2Omol) and silanols (H2OSiOH) has hindered a full understanding of the processes involved with this diagenetic transition. Electron microprobe (EMP) and micro–Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) analyses of opal-A and opal-CT collected from geyser discharge aprons on Iceland and the North Island of New Zealand produce compatible and reliable derivations of the total weight % water in opal-A and opal-CT, provided that they contain < 1 wt % of other elements such as Al. EMP analyses produce excellent results where microscale variations in total water content are required but it cannot determine if that water is formed of molecular water (H2Omol) or silanols (H2OSiOH). In contrast, FTIR analyses yield total water, molecular water, and silanol contents of the opal. Microscale variations, however, are commonly masked because the scale of FTIR analysis is coarser than that for EMP analyses. Analyses of sinters from Iceland and New Zealand show that the opal-A contains 2.1–12.1 (average 7.3) wt % total water whereas the opal-CT contains 1.0–8.9 (average 5.5) wt % total water. Based on FTIR analyses, the opal-A contains 1.2–9.8 (average 6.8) wt % molecular water and 0.4–2.4 (average 1.0) wt % silanols compared to opal-CT, which contains 3.8–8.2 (average 6.7) wt % molecular water and 0.1–0.7 (average 0.2) wt % silanols. The dual usage of EMP and FTIR analyses provide important information on the distribution of different types of water in opal-A and opal-CT, irrespective of the environments where they formed.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it