Depletion of hormones and antimicrobials in cattle manure using thermophilic anaerobic digestion
Bibliographic record
Abstract
ABSTRACT BACKGROUND The fate and effect of hormone and antimicrobial residues in the manure of therapeutically treated cattle is of considerable concern because of the adverse effects of environmental loading of these chemicals. The objective of this study was to determine the depletion of tylosin ( TYL ), chlortetracycline ( CTC ), sulfamethazine ( SMZ ) and megestrol ( MEG ) using thermophilic anaerobic digestion ( TAD ). RESULTS Quantitative methods using HPLC‐DAD‐MS / MS analysis were developed to monitor the hormone and antimicrobials, spiked into manure obtained from unmedicated cattle. These manure samples were incubated for a 28‐day period, during which hormone and antimicrobial depletion, and biogas production, was determined. Significant depletion of TYL , CTC , SMZ and MEG was demonstrated using TAD . Both TYL and CTC underwent complete depletion, while SMZ and MEG were each 80% depleted by the 28th day of incubation. The presence of antimicrobials had no negative effects on process stability and caused no significant reduction in total methane production. CONCLUSION This process has demonstrated value in reducing the hormone and antimicrobial load to the environment, while not compromising economic value of the biogas production, and allowing use of post‐digested biosolids as a regenerated fertilizer. © 2015 Society of Chemical Industry
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".