The Oral Insulin Sensitizer, Thiazolidinedione, Increases Plasma Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor in Type 2 Diabetic Patients
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Thiazolidinediones, insulin sensitizers, are widely used for the treatment of insulin resistance in type 2 diabetic patients. One of the adverse effects is fluid retention. We evaluated the effect of pioglitazone, a thiazolidinedione, on plasma vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) in comparison with that of metformin in type 2 diabetic patients. A 4-week administration of pioglitazone significantly increased plasma VEGF levels, whereas levels were unchanged by metformin. The results suggest that thiazolidinediones may increase plasma VEGF levels, possibly one of the causes of the drug-induced fluid retention and edema. Type 2 diabetes is characterized by fasting hyperglycemia caused by increased insulin resistance with or without decreased insulin secretion (1). Appropriate weight reduction and physical exercise in obese type 2 diabetic patients are useful in reducing the insulin resistance in these patients. Thiazolidinediones are a widely used class of drugs for the treatment of insulin resistance in type 2 diabetic patients (2). Two of …
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.003 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.004 | 0.003 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.003 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".