An Assessment of Toxic in Urban Soils Using Garden Cress (Lepidium sativum) in Vasileostrovsky Ostrov and Elagin Ostrov, Saint Petersburg, Russia
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The study was conducted to detect toxicity in urban soils of Vasileostrovsky Ostrov and Elagin Ostrov in St. Petersburg, Russia, an area characterised by wide variation in land use. A total of 37 soil samples were collected from the two study areas. Garden cress, Lepidium sativum, (L. sativum) was used as the test organism to detect the presence of toxic soils. The results indicated that soils from Vasileostrovsky Ostrov were toxic to L. sativum; the level of toxicity ranged between 40–60% (mild to moderately toxic). Tests of soils from Elagin Ostrov revealed that soils, generally, were nontoxic (90–100%). The results of most examined samples showed that soil extract had a stimulating effect on the growth of fronds; however there were few instances whereby soil extract inhibited the growth of L. sativum. The results from the study indicated that L. sativum is capable of detecting toxic soils. The different reactions from L. sativum to soil extracts could be attributed to site-specific conditions. The study recommends the use of L. sativum as a test organism to conduct biomonitoring of urban soil on a wide scale because of its simplicity, sensitivity, and cost-effectiveness.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".