Semen cryopreservation: Successes and persistent problems in farm species
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Artificial insemination has arguably been the most important practice contributing to the advancement of animal production. The numerous advantages of artificial insemination are augmented when the semen is cryopreserved and conserved for long periods. Unfortunately, the utility of cryopreserved semen is limited because for most mammals, even cattle, a considerable proportion of sperm loose their fertility during freezing-thawing. In many species , this loss of fertility is substantial, rendering cryopreserved semen impractical for routine use. Our goals are to characterize the nature of the sublethal sperm damage caused by cryopreservation, and to develop a method to improve the functional fertility of thawed semen. This review describes our theory that sperm are prematurely activated by cryopreservation (“cryo-capacitation”) and discusses strategies for preventing this damage. Key words: Sperm, artificial insemination, capacitation, fertility
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.011 | 0.011 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.003 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.003 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".