NMR Detection of an Equilibrium Phase Consisting of Monomers and Clusters in Concentrated Lysozyme Solutions
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Protein aggregation is an important biophysical phenomenon, and it is technically challenging to quantify. Scattering studies in concentrated protein solutions are not in complete agreement over the existence of an equilibrium cluster phase. We use pulsed-field-gradient NMR spectroscopy to characterize diffusion in the long-time limit in concentrated lysozyme solutions and find strong evidence for the existence of an equilibrium phase that consists of both lysozyme monomers and clusters (aggregates). They indicate too that there is rapid exchange between monomer and aggregate on the NMR time scale, and that macroscopic measurables (e.g., the relaxation rate and the observed diffusion coefficient) reflect a weighted average of the two fractions. Our results are quantitatively compared, with no fit parameters, to simple theories of macromolecular crowding.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".